Religious Minorities in the Constitutional Revolution
In a series of long essays, Esfandiar Davachi explores the role of Iran's religious minorities in the Constitutional Revolution. How did Zoroastrians, Jews, Armenians, and Babi/Bahá’ís experience and engage with this transformative moment? What did they contribute, and how did it affect them?
The Zoroastrian community gained representation in the national parliament, marking an important step in its political recognition and in its pursuit of greater freedom and equality within Iranian society.
Jewish participation was more limited than that of other minorities, yet the revolution opened new political and social opportunities for the community. Despite continued prejudice, their symbolic presence in the Second Parliament and their support for constitutionalism helped advance a broader idea of citizenship in Iran.
Armenians played a significant role in the revolution. From the early Qajar period, their knowledge of European languages enabled many to enter government service and rise to high positions, while the community also flourished in cultural, educational, and artistic life. These developments prepared Armenians to take an active role in the constitutional struggle, contributing through political and military organisation to the constitutionalists’ victory.
The Babi movement helped shape ideas of renewal and change in Iran in the decades preceding the Constitutional Revolution. Azali Babis, often concealing their identity, were deeply involved in radical revolutionary activity and shifting political alliances. In contrast, Bahá’ís, who believed in cultural and spiritual transformation as the basis for social change, avoided partisan politics and focused on social and civic reform, continuing to influence the broader currents of constitutional change in Iran.
Three essays in the series have already been published, and the essay on the Bahá’ís will appear soon.